ALL LASER USES:LPKF:LASIK:LASER HAIR REMOVEL AND LASER DIODES: July 2009

all laser services

Laser Service, Professionalism Defined

Laser Service Inc. has a unique approach to service - simply being true to
the word "service" Our committment to our customers is made clear
by our range and focus of services and product offerings. Partnerships
and alliances with other industry leaders has allowed us to provide
a wide range of services for our customers.

Preventive maintenance plans can be setup for virtually any
number of printers and the results are exponential to the number
of printers covered. Preventive maintenance relies on the fact
that a printer that has its major assemblies cleaned on a regular
basis can be much more reliable than an unprotected printer with
the same workload.

Laser Printer Ink Cartridges

Need new ink cartridges for your Laser printer? Then your at the right site that will inform you all about laser printers and laser printer ink toner cartridges.

Laser Printer Ink Cartridges

WARNING LOW INK LEVELS!

Need new ink cartridges for your Laser printer? Then your at the right site that will inform you all about laser printers and laser printer ink toner cartridges.

Laser Printer

A Laser printer is a common type of computer printer that was invented by Xeron in 1969, and by 1972 it was a fully functional networked printer. It has been around a long time giving itself plenty of advancements in technology. Laser printers rapidly produce high quality text and graphics onto a piece of computer paper. Today's common laser printers have a xerographic printing process that produces the image by direct scanning of a laser beam across the printer photoreceptor. There are many advantages of laser printer over analog photocopier or ink jet printers.

•Speed
•Precision
•Economy
A laser printer can move very quickly and can write with much more speed than an ink jet printer, and with it's laser beam having an unvarying diameter it can draw more precisely without spilling excess ink. While they are slightly more expensive than your average ink jet printer they are cheaper to maintain.
How they work
A laser beam projects an image onto an electrically charged rotating drum. Photoconductivity removes charges from certain areas that are exposed to light, then dry ink particles are electrostatically attracted by the drums charged areas. The drum then prints the image onto a piece of paper by using direct heat and contact which fuses the ink to the paper.

After printing numerous amounts of paper the dry ink toners begin to run low, and eventually run out of ink. Without and ink in the ink cartridges the printer will not be able to print.

Time to change those empty ink cartridges
With today's new technology you can know you laser printers ink cartridges are low before they run out of ink. All companies have built in programs that allow you to know where your printer ink levels are at all times. Each time you print your printer will automatically put up a display on your computer showing your current ink levels. This tool is great for you so you don't run out of ink the night before you have to print a document without even knowing your printer was low.

•There are two ways to get full ink cartridges in your laser printer. You can ether buy a new ink cartridge or refill your current ink carridge. Laser Printer consist of a dry ink toner unlike ink jet printers that use wet ink, but the refilling consists of the same process.

-Refilling ink cartriges is the cheapest most economical way to restoring your printers ink levels. There are many places that offer ink cartridge refills such as Walgreen's, and existing printer maintenance shops. You can even refill you printers ink cartridges yourself with the proper kit. Research the Internet to find local stores that offer printer ink cartridge refills, or DIY refill kits. However not all printer are able to have printer ink cartridges refills.

-Buying a new ink cartridge is the most expensive way to replace your low ink levels in your printer. When buying ink cartridges straight from your printer manufacturer it can be very expensive compared to buying compatible after market ink cartridges. People who buy compatible non name brand cartridges often save anywhere from 50 to 70 percent. Some stores offer discounts off of new ink cartridges and toner when you recycle your old cartridges in to them.

CHEAPEST RAY-BAN GLASSES IN THE WORLD

CARRERA 2009 SUN GLASSES

Brand: Carrera
Model: OLYMPIA 2
Price: Euro 112.23
$ 147.02 :: £ 98.762

Brand: Carrera
Model: OLYMPIA 1
Price: Euro 112.23
$ 147.02 :: £ 98.762

Brand: Carrera
Model: CHAMPION
Price: Euro 91.35
$ 119.66 :: £ 80.388

Brand: Carrera
Model: TRUMP/V
Price: Euro 147.9
$ 193.74 :: £ 130.15

LATEST EYE WEAR

When you wear a pair of Tom Ford Sunglasses you are making a serious fashion statement.
When you own a pair of new Tom Ford sunglasses, you own a key to unlock the world of high fashion. People understand what Tom Ford sunglasses mean; they know that someone who wears Tom Ford Eyewear is someone who has a high sense of fashion and a high standard of quality.
The cutting edge of Tom Ford design is offered to you on Sunglassitaly.com because we only stock the Latest collection of Tom Ford Sunglasses and Eyewear.
Sunglassitaly.com recognizes that Tom Ford sunglasses are a way to show off your own unique sense of style and we pride ourselves on offering the largest collection of new Tom Ford sunglasses and eyewear to our customers.

Bulgari has the best to offer

Bvlgari sunglasses are like nothing you have ever seen before. When you look at the authentic Bvlgari sunglasses offered to you here, at Sunglassesitaly.com, you will be amazed by the luxury that is delicately presented in each pair. They are like nothing you have seen before. If you want to be original in your choice of eyewear and want to be alone in your exclusivity of elegant design, then Bulgari sunglasses is the right decision for you.

Bulgari eyeglasses from the distinctive Bulgari manufacturer. Bulgari specialise in luxury jewellery that defines both chic style and elegance. Bulgari have now added eyeglasses to their collection and Sunglassesitaly.com are proud to present them exclusively to you online.

Buy Gucci Sunglasses to elevate your style

Gucci Sunglasses are the ultimate in style and craftsmanship, when you wear a pair of Gucci sunglasses you are making a serious fashion statement.
When you own a pair of new Gucci sunglasses, you own a key to unlock the world of high fashion. People understand what Gucci sunglasses mean; they know that someone who wears Gucci sunglasses is someone who has a high sense of fashion and a high standard of quality.
Sunglassitaly.com recognizes that Gucci Eyewears are a way to show off your own unique sense of style and we pride ourselves on offering the largest collection of new Gucci sunglasses and new Gucci Eyeglasses to our customers.

Be the Best with Chanel Eyewear

Do you feel strongly about fashion eyewear? So do we. Here at Sunglassesitaly.com we feel that Chanel eyeglasses are the ultimate in luxury fashion eyewear and we know that after browsing through out latest Chanel collection, you will be sure to agree.

Chanel eyeglasses combine the elegance of style with their simple and sublime designs. The optical frame offered by Chanel eyewear is like no other. The feel of extravagance is delectably accessible in every pair of fashionable Chanel eyewear that we offer. One look at our latest authentic Chanel collection will persuade you of their complete magnificence in that elusive combination of style and luxury.

Chanel Sunglasses beautify your life

Sunglassitaly.com understands how important Chanel sunglasses are. That is why we are one of the only online stores to hold the full, authentic online Chanel sunglasses collection.
Sunglassitaly.com has seventy-five different types of online Chanel sunglasses for you to choose from, direct from the manufacturer. No other online Chanel sunglasses site can offer this much selection. No other retailer can give you the full sunglasses Chanel collection. See how our sunglasses by Chanel can bring beauty and glamour into your life today.
The Chanel logo is instantly recognized world wide, and when you are wearing Chanel sunglasses you are speaking everyone’s language.
We only stock the latest collections of Chanel sunglasses, so when you shop with sunglassitaly.com you can be assured that you are wearing the hottest eyewear available. Our online Chanel sunglasses are offered to you at unbeatable prices because we believe that everyone should own a little bit of Chanel glamour.
Chanel sunglasses provide an elegance that makes any woman wearing them feel full of femininity and grace, and the latest collection is inspired.

Laser eye surgery in Thailand

If you decided to go for LASIK and kiss your eye glasses or contact lenses good-bye, Bangkok is one of the best places in the world for LASIK! And at unbelievably low prices, if you compare with Europe, America, Japan, Hong Kong or Singapore.

Better still, your LASIK surgeon most likely was trained in Europe, America, Japan, Hong Kong or Singapore. You choose. And once you made up your mind, you can usually have an appointment for the next day to have your pre-exam and... in some cases, if the pre-exam results are OK and you feel comfortable about the facility, the operation can be performed on the same or the following day.

My positive experience with my own LASIK operation in Bangkok, Thailand was one of the triggers that caused me to start the MediThai website. Not only did I think it was a great experinece, I also started to recommend it to members of my family in Europe and to friends all over the world.

Getting started
The navigation bar on the left side of this window is self explanatory. Click yourself through the pages. It starts at the top with general considerations and then gets more specific further down. Try also a search on the customized MediThai search engine for Thailand specific search results. Please don't forget to leave us some feedback regarding your own experience. We all can benefit from it.

Work in progress
We hope you can already find something useful on our site. See it as a beginning. With your feedback we should be able to improve the content over time and make the portal a more valuable source of information for everybody who wants to know more about LASIK in Bangkok and other parts of Thailand.

LASIK IN THAILAND

Over the last few years Thailand has become a hub for medical tourists from all around Asia and the rest of the world. Medical tourism has existed for centuries – people from less developed countries traveled to more advanced places to see a dentist, for cosmetic or plastic surgery and for general health checks and surgery. Think of all the rich and famous who still travel to the US for their medical needs. While places like the US are still attractive for the mega rich, general traffic patterns have changed. Countries like Thailand have caught up with the development of medical science in the west and have at the same time been able to maintain their higher service levels and their considerably lower prices.

The Thai medical education system is based on the US model. King Bhumipol’s father, Prince Mahidol, had earned a medical degree from Harvard University and made it his life’s work to modernize the healthcare system in Thailand. During his time he convinced the Rockefeller Foundation to fund an American medical education for a group of Thai men and women. These men and women became the nucleus of the Thai healthcare education system.

Key factors contributing to Thailand’s development into a global hub for medical tourism:

Many foreigners have made Thailand their home and began to spread the word about Thai medical services
Early success enabled investment in world-class medical equipment and technology
International accreditation of Thai hospitals
High numbers of internationally trained, English-speaking Thai doctors
Exorbitant healthcare costs in western countries
Long waiting lists for surgery in countries with government regulated healthcare
Low service levels in countries with nationalized health care
Plane tickets to Thailand have become more affordable
Thailand’s reputation as the Land of Smiles: friendly people, superb beaches and fantastic food.

best teachers in the world

The Best Teacher in the World
e-mail to a friend | print this | link to this
Contributed by: Annie Johnson on 4/26/2007

Hello,
My name is Annie Johnson, from Denver, Colorado. I would like to nominate Stephanie Prosenjak for the 2007 Dance Teacher Awards. When I saw the add for this nominationI immediately thought of Stephanie. She is an amazing woman, dance teacher, and mother figure towards me, who has made me the 17 year old I am today. Ever since my first dance class at age four, Stephanie has been ainspiration to me. She has dedicated her entire life to her passion for dancing and dance education. She is the most driven person I know, and holds an irreplaceable place in my heart. Sheworksextremely hard day to day sharing her love for the art of dance. She began her own studio, Cherry Creek Dance, at a young age and has successfully made it a thriving studio of dance education and performance. A day never goes by where Stephanie isn't hard at work, encouraging students to open up and express their inner beauty through dance. Stephanie continuously enforces the importance of "self" in dance class, stressing the need for self dedication, commitment, and love for dance in order to succeed.Stephanie always encourages students, including myself, to usethe talent of dance at hand to give back to the community. We have performed at various occasions, such as the Juvenal DiabetesResearch Foundation, that have everlasting memories.Stephanie has opened up my eyes to the world of dance by giving us incredible opportunities of sharing our love for dance and performance across the world. Without her, I wouldnever have found my true passion for dance. Everyday I look forward to going to dance. Seeing Stephaniedoing what she loves to do always puts a smile on my face. Her life has been committed to educating people of all ages on the beauty of the art of dancing and has taught me how to be an extremely responsible and organized person. I thank her foralways bringing outmy very best from being achild to a young adult, showing me my potential in life. Anyone who has lived in Denverfor a while knows about Stephanie and Cherry Creek Dance, makingher a well known woman in the realistically small world to dance. Over the past 13 years of knowing Stephanie, she has made me feel like aunique and special person, in return making her like a mother to me. I love Stephanie very much and hope you can see the twinkle in her eyes that makes her the best dance teacher EVER! Thanks so much for your time.Hope to hear from you soon.
Annie Johnson
Age 17
Denver, Colorado

best teachers in the world

Excimer Laser System

We are proud to announce launch of New Vision Lasik Center equipped with worlds most advanced ,fastest and safest Allgretto Wave Eye Q 400 Hz Lasik Laser Vision correction machine.

Allegreto Wave Eye - Q 400Hz

LASIK (safe, Effective, permanent)
Lasik is done by Allegretto Wave eye Q (400 HZ) & Moria evolution 3e with epilasik, microkeratome.

Allegretto Wave Eye Q is FDA approved to treat + 6.0 D to -12.0 D spherical errors & +/- 6.0 D of cylindrical errors.
Speed - Truly efficient 400HZ fast speed repetition minimizes effect of dehydration and external environmental influences on cornea.
E.g. - 6.0 D myopia takes merely 15 seconds to be treated.
Ablation Profile – It is first laser to use wavefront optimized profiles.
This profile maintains corneal asphericity reducing problems with night vision.

LASER EYE SURGERY(Diabetic Retinopathy)

What is Diabetic Retinopathy?
India stands to become largest diabetic population by 2010.Population of diabetic patients in India is 34 million acording to various sources.

A person with diabetes is at risk for developing diabetic retinopathy among other ophthalmic disorders. Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in young and middle-aged adults today. The longer a person has diabetes, the greater their chance of developing diabetic retinopathy. There are two types of diabetic retinopathy:

Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (NPDR)
Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR)

NPDR, also known as background retinopathy, is an early stage of diabetic retinopathy and occurs when the tiny blood vessels of the retina are damaged and begin to bleed or leak fluid into the retina resulting in swelling (diabetic macular edema) and the formation of deposits known as exudates. Many people with diabetes develop mild NPDR often without any visual symptoms.

Normal Retina Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

PDR carries the greatest risk of loss of vision and typically develops in eyes with advanced NPDR. PDR occurs when small blood vessels on the retina or optic nerve become blocked consequently starving the retina of necessary nutrients. In response, the retina grows more blood vessels (neovascularization). Unfortunately these new vessels are abnormal and cannot replenish the retina with normal blood flow.

PDR may lead to any one of the following
Vitreous hemorrhage - proliferating retinal blood vessels grow into the vitreous cavity and break down. Both the hemorrhaging and resultant scar tissue may interfere with vision.
Traditional retinal detachment - scar tissue in the vitreous and on the retina cause the retina to detach.
Tractional and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment - scar tissue creates a hole or tear in the retina causing it to detach.
Neovascular glaucoma - abnormal blood vessel growth on the iris blocks the flow of fluid out of the eye causing the pressure to increase and damaging the optic nerve.

What are the symptoms of diabetic retinopathy?
Generally, people with mild NPDR do not have any visual loss. A dilated eye exam is the only way to detect changes inside the eye before loss of vision begins. People with diabetes should have an eye examination at least once a year. More frequent exams may be necessary after diabetic retinopathy is diagnosed.

People with PDR experience a broader range of symptoms. They may
see dark floaters
experience loss of central or peripheral vision
experience visual distortions or blurriness
experience temporary or permanent vision loss

How is diabetic retinopathy diagnosed ?
Diabetic retinopathy is diagnosed by dilating the pupil and looking inside the eye with an ophthalmoscope. If an ophthalmologist discovers diabetic retinopathy, he or she may wish to order color photographs of the retina through a test called fluorescein angiography. During this test, a dye is injected into the arm and quickly travels throughout the blood system. Once the dye reaches the blood vessels of the retina, a photograph is taken of the eye. The dye allows the ophthalmologist to detect damaged blood vessels that are leaking dye.

Can diabetic retinopathy be prevented ?
The most effective overall strategy for diabetic retinopathy is to prevent it as much as possible. Strict control of blood sugar levels will significantly reduce the long-term loss of vision from retinopathy. With improved diagnosis and treatment, only a small percentage of people with retinopathy develop serious vision problems.
What are the current treatment options for a person with diabetic retinopathy ?
Because the earliest stages of diabetic retinopathy include inflammation, intraocular corticosteroids have been utilized with some success in selected patients. This form of treatment includes the use of a long-acting corticosteroid (triamcinolone acetonide) injected into the vitreous cavity by way of a very tiny needle under topical (drops) anesthesia. This treatment may reduce retinal swelling and improve visual acuity in patients with diabetic macular edema. However, visual recovery may be limited and the effect may last only 3 to 6 months after the treatment. Other newer modalities like Anti vascular endothelial growth factor drugs( Lucentis,Macugen and Avastin )have been proved to be quite successful in reducing macular edema and new vessels temporarily.However they do not work well all alone unless combined with adequate photocoagulation.

What does Shree Ramkrishna Netralaya offer patients with diabetic retinopathy?
Diabetic Eye Unit established at SRN provides constant care for diabetic patients.It involves routine screening of diabetics to detect retinopathy.If detected early patients can be managed medically by FFA and laser treatment,thereby preventing further decrease in vision.

We have found very encouraging results with use of Anti VEGF drugs like Avastin and Lucentis in cases of macular oedema and PDR cases .

Patients presenting at a later stage with decreased vision due to vitreous hemorrhage and tractional retinal detachement require vitrectomy We have experienced VR surgeon to perform vitreoretinal sugeries
Procedures at Shree Ramkrishna Netralaya
Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) with Fundus Camera (Carl Zeiss Meditech,Germany)
PRP( Pan retinal photocoagulation) argon Green laser (Iris Medical,USA)
Grid laser
Cryopexy
A R M D Management
PDT (Photo Dynamic Therapy)
Anti VEGF Injections (Lucentis and Macugen
Scleral buckling
Vitrectomies
Trauma Care

VISION HEALTH

Vision Health
Whether you're interested in finding out more about what constitutes low vision, what macular degeneration is, or whether vision rehabilitation is something you should consider, Lighthouse International offers information and resources that can help. Learn more about our services and some of the most common eye disorders.

Macular Degeneration

As the most common cause of vision loss among people over the age of 60, macular degeneration impacts millions of older adults every year. The disease affects central vision and can sometimes make it difficult to read, drive or perform other activities requiring fine, detailed vision. Here, you'll find all you need to know about the disease, symptoms, diagnosis and treatments.

Read more about Macular Degeneration and other view simulations of other vision disorders.

Low Vision Defined

Vision loss that cannot be corrected by ordinary glasses, contact lenses, medication or surgery is called "low vision." Signs of low vision include:

•Difficulty recognizing a familiar face
•Difficulty reading - print appears broken or distorted
•Difficulty seeing objects and potential obstacles such as steps, curbs, walls and furniture
But people with low vision retain some usable vision. Ophthalmologists and optometrists specializing in low vision care can evaluate patients and prescribe optical devices to maximize remaining vision.

What Do You Do When You Meet Someone Who Can't See?

It's only natural to feel awkward when dealing with new situations. And, meeting someone with a vision impairment or any disability often causes feelings of discomfort and uncertainty. A little knowledge can go a long way in making you feel more at ease and better able to provide help if it's needed.

EYE DISEASES

When you think about it, the very act of actually seeing the world around us is an astonishing thing. It relies on the interaction between the brain and the eyeball, two extraordinarily complex organs, so it's hardly surprising that there are so many ways in which we can suffer sight loss or reduction.
Cataract
Cataract is the clouding of the eye's lens - the part of the eye responsible for focusing light and producing clear, sharp images.

Childhood blindness
Of the 45 million people worldwide who are blind, around 1.4 million are children under 16. The vast majority of childhood blindness happens before the age of five - a period when 75 per cent of learning is through sight.

Diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy is the sixth most common cause of blindness globally, affecting 1.8 million people. It is caused by damage to the small blood vessels in the retina at the back of the eye.
Glaucoma
Glaucoma is the third biggest cause of blindness worldwide. It affects around 60 million people, of whom about 4.5 million have become blind. It is common in both developed and developing countries
Low vision
Low vision is when, even after medical treatment, people have difficulty distinguishing objects and/or distances. People with low vision can be helped by changes made to their environment, such as painting the edges of stairs white so they can be seen more easily, or specially made devices.
River blindness
River blindness is caused by a worm that breeds in fast-flowing rivers. It is a major cause of blindness in west and central Africa. Sightsavers is combating it with the drug Mectizan....

Trachoma
Trachoma is one of the most common causes of blindness in the developing world. It is linked to extreme poverty and poor sanitation.

TOP 10 MEDICAL SCHOOLS

1. Harvard University
2. Johns Hopkins University
3. University of Pennsylvania
4. Washington University in St. Louis
5. University of California San Francisco
6. University of Washington
7. Stanford University
8. Duke University
9. Yale University
10. Baylor College of Medicine (TX)
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons (NY)

Top 10 medical schools (primary care)

1. University of Washington
2. University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill
3. University of Colorad-Denver and Health Sciences Center
4. Oregon Health and Science University
5. Mich. State U. Coll. of Osteopathic Medicine
6. East Carolina University (Brody, NC)
7. University of Vermont
8. University of California - San Francisco
9. University of Wisconsin Madison
10. University of Nebraska College of Medicine.

SPIDER VEINS

Laser treatment of spider veins

During laser treatment, a laser is applied to the skin over your spider veins. Laser energy causes your spider veins to coagulate and shrink. Laser therapy is most effective for small and medium size spider veins. Large spider veins respond poorly and are best treated with sclerotherapy. You are likely to experience mild discomfort similar to having a small rubber band snapping against skin. Treatments usually do not require sedatives, pain medications, or injections of local anesthetic. Immediately following treatment, spider veins will be darker and more visible. Over two to six weeks, your spider veins usually fade. After each treatment, you will see a 70% to 80% improvement in the appearance of face spider veins and 30-40% improvement in leg spider veins. An average of three treatments will be required at three-month
intervals to produce desired results. Combination therapy can be considered and beneficial if you have small, medium and large spider veins. You may wish to start with sclerotherapy, because sometimes all veins will be improved after injecting the larger ones. This may reduce the number of veins that need to be treated by laser and minimize your overall cost.

laser treatment spider veins

Spider Veins
Spider Veins vs. Varicose Veins
Spider veins, also called telangiectasias, are tiny visible vessels just underneath the skin. They develop most commonly on the face and legs. Varicose veins are distended veins beneath the skin. They may appear as bluish bumps and often cause discomfort. Those with unsightly varicose veins and aching pain often choose to have surgery to remove their varicose veins. Varicose veins are veins that are no longer functional, and their presence is not missed by the body. Ask your general surgeon about varicose vein treatment. If you have both varicose and spider veins, your varicose veins must be
treated first. Treating spider veins first is generally futile because, in the presence of varicose veins, they are bound to return soon.
Treatment Choices for Spider Veins of the Legs
The two options for spider vein treatment are sclerotherapy and laser. They can be employed independently or in combination.

Sclerotherapy (spider vein injection)

Sclerotherapy involves injecting a liquid agent through a tiny needle directly into your spider veins, causing them to contract and collapse. This procedure is best suited for medium to large spider veins because it relies upon fitting a tiny needle into a tiny vein. The procedure is performed in the office by a plastic surgeon or nurse and is relatively painless. Depending on the number of spider veins, the procedure may require five minutes to one hour. Afterward, you will wear ace bandages or compression hose for three to ten days as recommended by your plastic surgeon. You may resume sedentary activities immediately but should avoid exercise, hot baths and alcohol for two to three days. You should anticipate 50% improvement in spider veins following each sclerotherapy session. Expect that two to six sclerotherapy sessions at one to two month intervals may be necessary to achieve your desired results. Understand that some
spider veins may never be successfully treated through sclerotherapy.

LIST OF HOSPITALS IN PAKISTAN(SINDH)

Public institutions
Abbasi Shaheed Hospital, Karachi
Civil Hospital, Karachi
Civil Hospital, Sukkur
Civil Hospital - Burns Centre, Karachi, [6]
Habib Medical Centre, Karachi
Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre Karachi
Karachi Institute of Heart Diseases, Karachi
Kunri Christian Hospital, Umarkot
Lady Dufferin Hospital, Karachi
Leprosy Hospital, Karachi
Liaqat University of Health Sciences, Hyderabad
Lyari General Hospital, Karachi
National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, [7]
National Institute of Child Health, Karachi
PNS Shifa, Karachi
Police Hospital, Karachi
Sindh Government Qatar Hospital, Karachi
Sindh Government Hospital New Karachi, Karachi
Sindh Institute of Skin Diseases, Karachi
Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT), Karachi, [8]
Sindh Institute of Skin Diseases, Karachi
Sir Cowasjee Jehangir Institute of Psychiatry, Hyderabad
Sobhraj Maternity Home, Karachi
Spencer Eye Hospital, Karachi

[edit] Private institutions
ABM Hospital, Hyderabad
Aga Khan Hospital, Hyderabad
Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, [9]
Baqai Hospital,Karachi
Bismillah Taqee Institute of Health Sciences & Blood Diseases Centre, Karachi, [10]
Bantwa Memon Hospital, Karachi
Burhani Hospital, Karachi, [11]
Children Cancer Hospital, Karachi, [12]
CityCare Hospital, Hyderabad
Dar-ul-Sehat Hospital, (Liaquat Medical & Dental College) Karachi, [13]
Hamdard University Hospital, Karachi
Health Care Hospital, Karachi
Hilal-e-Ahmar Hospital, Hyderabad
Holy Family Hospital, Karachi
Al-Ibrahim Eye Hospital, Karachi [14]
Ibne-Sina (Avicenna) Hospital, Karachi
Imam Clinic and General Hospital, Karachi
Indus Hospital, Karachi, [15]
Isra University Hospital, Hyderabad
Ibrahim hospital Sargodha, Pakistan
Jinnah Medical College Hospital, Karachi
Karachi Adventist Hospital, Karachi, [16]
Kharadar General Hospital, Karachi
Kidney Centre Post Graduate Training Institute, Karachi, [17]
Kiran Hospital for Nuclear Medicine, Karachi
Kutiana Memon Hospital, Karachi
Layton Rahmatulla Benevolent Trust Eye Hospital, (LRBT) Karachi, [18]
Liaquat National Hospital, Karachi[19]
Majee Hospital, Hyderabad
Marie Adelaide Leprosy Centre (MALC), Karachi, [20]
Al-Mehrab Tibbi Imdad, Karachi
Masoomeen Hospital, Karachi
MidEast Hospital, Karachi
MediConnect, Karachi, [21]
Murshid Hospital and Health Care Center, Karachi
OMI Hospital, Karachi
Patel Hospital, Karachi
Saifee Hospital (Karachi), Karachi, [22]
Shilokh Mission Hospital, Jalapur Jattan, Gujrat
South City Hospital, Karachi
Tabba Heart Institute, Karachi, [23]

LIST OF HOSPITALS IN PAKISTAN(PRIVATE)

Punjab.

Aadil Hospital, Lahore
Ali General Hospital, Multan
Ali Hospital, Lahore
Alle-Hussain Trust Hospital , Lahore
Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi
Ammar Medical Complex, Lahore
Aziz Bhatti Shaheed Hospital, Gujrat
Aziz Medical Complex, Sialkot, [2]
Al-Arsalan Clinic, Rawalpindi
Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur
Bait-Ul-Shifa Trust, Township, Lahore
Bakhtawar Amin Memorial Trust Hospital, Multan, [3]
Chattha Hospital Gujranwala
Doctor'S Hospital, Lahore
Doctor'S Hospital, Gujrat
Faisal Hospital,Multan
Family Hospital, Lahore
Fatima Medical Centre, Multan
Fatima Memorial, Lahore
Fauji Foundation Hospital, Lahore
Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi
Fazal Hospital, Jhelum
Geo Hospital, Lahore
Gujrat Hospital, Gujrat
Gulberg Hospital, Lahore
Hameed Latif Hospital, Lahore
Healers Centre, Rawalpindi
Heart And City Scan Hospital, Lahore
Hearts International Hospital, Rawalpindi
Ihsan Mumtaz Hospital, Lahore
Idrees Hosipital,Sialkot
Iqraa Medical Complex, Lahore
Irshad Begum Chattha Hospital, Wazirabad
Ittefaq Hospital (Trust), Lahore
Jaanki Devi Hospital, Lahore
Khan Surgecal Center, Ali Pur Road, Muzaffar Garh
Life Medical Complex (Dr. Hafeez-Ur-Rehman), Gujrat
Malik Haider Hospital, Lady Dr. Salvi Malik, Gujrat
Malik Surgical Hospital, Lahore
Margalla Welfare Hospital, Rawalpindi
Maryam Memorial Hospital, Rawalpindi
Masood Children'S Clinic, Lahore
Masood Hospital,Gardentown, Lahore
Medicare Hospital, Multan
Mekki Hospital, Faisalabad
Memorial Christian Hospital, Paris Road, Sialkot
Mian Muhammad Trust Hospital, Faisalabad
Muazzam Shaheed Welfare Hospital, Jhelum
Mubarik Nursing Home, Rawalpindi
Mumtaz Bakhtawar Memorial Trust Hospital, Lahore
Nanotech Neurology Psychiatry and Joint Pain Center, Lahore
National Hospital, Faisalabad
National Hospital and Medical Centre, Lahore, [4]
Rasheed Hospital, Lahore
Razzaq Hospital, Lahore
Redo Hospital, Rawalpindi, [5]
Saahil Hospital, Faisalabad
Sadiq Hospital, Sargodha
Salamat Hospital, Gujranwala
Shalimar Hospital, Lahore
Sharif Meidcal City Hospital, Lahore
Shaukat Khanum Hospital, Lahore
Sialkot Medical Complex Sialkot
South Asia Institute for Human Sexuality, Rawalpindi
Sughra Hospital,Jhelum
Suhail Eye Hospital, Lahore
Surgimed Hospital, Zafar Ali Road, Lahore
Times Hospital, Lahore
Turab Hospital Complex, Township, Lahore
Umer Hospital, Wah
United Christian Hospital, Lahore
Valley Clinic, Rawalpindi
Wapda Hosital, Lahore
Zeenat Clinical Labs, Lahore, Lahore

LIST OF HOSPITALS IN PAKISTAN(PUNJAB)

Public institutions (government owned and operated)
Allama Iqbal Memorial Hospital Sialkot
D.H.Q Hospital,Muzaffargarh
Data Darbar Hospital, Lahore
District Headquarters Hospital, Rawalpindi
Fatima Memorial Hospital, Shadman-Lahore
Gulaab Devi Hospital, Lahore
Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi
HOPE Rehabilitation Center for disabled, Lahore
DAWN REHABILITATION CENTER FOR DISABLED, Lahore
www.dawnrehabilitation.com
Jinnah Hospital, Lahore
Lady Aitchison Hospital, Lahore
Lady Willingdon Hospital, Lahore
Lahore General Hospital, Lahore
Mayo Hospital, Lahore
Nisthar Hospital, Multan
Psychiatric hospital, Lahore
Punjab Institute of Cardiology PIC, Lahore Pakistan
Railway Cairns Hospital, Lahore
Rawalpindi General Hospital, Rawalpindi
Sardar Begum Memorial Hospital Sialkot
Services Hospital, Lahore
Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore
Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore
The Children's Hospital, Lahore

LIST OF HOSPITALS IN PAKISTAN(NWFP)

Public institutions
Lady Reading Hospital[citation needed]
Khyber Teaching Hospital[citation needed]
Hayatabad Medical Complex[citation needed]
Ayub Medical Complex[citation needed]
Mardan Medical Complex[citation needed]
Saidu Group Hospitals, Swat[citation needed]
Mufti Mehmood Complex, Dera Ismail Khan[citation needed]
Tank Christian Hospital, Tank, Dera Ismail Khan[citation needed]
Dr. Murad Ali Ultrasound Clinic, Dabgari Garden, Peshawar

LIST OF HOSPITALS IN PAKISTAN(ISLAMABAD)

Federal Government Services Hospital[citation needed]
Golra Welfare Hospital (Ghosia-Mahria Trust)[citation needed]
Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences[2] (PIMS)
PAEC Hospital[citation needed]
Nescom Hospital[citation needed]
KRL Hospital[citation needed]
National Institute of Health[3]
CDA Hospital[citation needed]

Private institutions
Dr.Arshad Health Associates-Medical Facilities"Dr Arshad Health Associates". .
Integrated Health Services (IHS Pakistan)[citation needed]
IHS Children's Medical Center[citation needed]
Islamic International Medical Complex[citation needed]
Dar-ul-Shifa Hospital[citation needed]
Shifa International Hospital[4]
Ali Medical Centre,[citation needed], F-8 Markaz
Islamabad Specialist Clinic,[citation needed] F-8
Aslam Memorial Medicare Hospital[citation needed]
Islamabad Private Hospital[citation needed], Blue Area
Chee Chee Hospital[citation needed]
Elahi Medical Center,[citation needed] G-9/4

LIST OF HOSPITALS IN PAKISTAN(ISLAMABAD)

LIST OF HOSPITALS IN PAKISTAN(BALOCHISTAN)

Mid East Hospital , Al Gilani Road, Quetta Tel:081-2821103-5
Akram Hospital, Quetta[citation needed]
Children's Hospital, Quetta[1]
Sardar Bahadur Khan TB Sanatorium, Quetta[citation needed]
Civil Hospital, Quetta[citation needed]
Sahib-uz-Zaman Hospital, Alamdar Road, Quetta[citation needed]
Asghar Hospital, Alamdar Road, Quetta[citation needed]
Ali Hospital, Toghi Road, Quetta[citation needed]
Al-Noor Hospital, Toghi Road, Quetta[citation needed]
Saleem Medical Complex, Double Road, Quetta[citation needed]
Railway Hospital, Quetta[citation needed]

LUNGS CANCER PREVENTION AND TREATMENT

Prevention of lung cancer includes quitting smoking and avoiding exposure to potentially cancer-causing substances in the work environment.

Doctors use various treatments for both small cell and non–small cell lung cancer. Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy can be used individually or in combination. The precise combination of treatments depends on the type, location, and severity of the cancer, whether the cancer has spread, and the person's overall health. For example, in some people with advanced non–small cell lung cancer, treatment includes chemotherapy and radiation therapy before, after, or instead of surgical removal. Some people with non–small cell lung cancer survive significantly longer when treated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or some of the newer targeted therapies. Targeted therapies include drugs, such as biologic agents that specifically target lung tumors. Recent studies have identified proteins within cancer cells and the blood vessels that nourish the cancer cells. These proteins may be involved in regulating and promoting cancer growth and metastasis. Drugs have been designed to specifically affect the abnormal protein expression and potentially kill the cancer cells or inhibit their growth. For example, doctors may give epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors to people who have not responded to traditional chemotherapy regimens. Some people may receive vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor inhibitors in combination with standard chemotherapy regimens.

Laser therapy, in which a laser is used to remove or reduce the size of lung tumors, and photodynamic therapy, in which light is used to shrink tumors, are sometimes used. Radiofrequency ablation, in which an electrical current is used to destroy tumor cells, can sometimes be used in people who have small tumors or are unable to undergo surgery.

Surgery: Surgery is the treatment of choice for non–small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond the lung (early-stage disease). In general, surgery is not used for early-stage small cell lung cancer, because this aggressive cancer requires chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Surgery may not be possible if the cancer has spread beyond the lungs, if the cancer is too close to the windpipe, or if the person has other serious conditions (such as severe heart or lung disease).

Before surgery, doctors do pulmonary function tests (see Symptoms and Diagnosis of Lung Disorders: Pulmonary Function Testing (PFT)) to determine whether the amount of lung remaining after surgery will be able to provide enough oxygen and breathing function. If the test results indicate that removing the cancerous part of the lung will result in inadequate lung function, surgery is not possible. The amount of lung to be removed is decided by the surgeon, with the amount varying from a small part of a lung segment to an entire lung.

Although non–small cell lung cancers can be removed surgically, removal does not always result in a cure. Supplemental (adjuvant) chemotherapy after surgery can help increase the survival rate.

Occasionally, cancer that begins elsewhere (for example, in the colon) and spreads to the lungs is removed from the lungs after being removed at the source. This procedure is recommended rarely, and tests must show that the cancer has not spread to any site outside of the lungs.

Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy is used in both non-small cell and small cell lung cancers. It may be given to people who do not want to undergo surgery, who cannot undergo surgery because they have another condition (such as severe coronary artery disease), or whose cancer has spread to nearby structures, such as the lymph nodes. Although radiation therapy is used to treat the cancer, in some people, it may only partially shrink the cancer or slow its growth. Combining chemotherapy with radiation therapy improves survival in this group. People with limited or extensive-stage small cell lung cancer who have been responding well to chemotherapy may benefit from radiation therapy to the head to prevent spread of cancer to the brain. If the cancer has already spread to the brain, radiation therapy of the brain is commonly used to reduce symptoms such as headache, confusion, and seizures. Radiation therapy is also useful for controlling the complications of lung cancer, such as coughing up of blood, bone pain, superior vena cava syndrome, and spinal cord compression.

Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is used in both non-small cell and small cell lung cancers. In small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy, sometimes coupled with radiation therapy, is the main treatment. This approach is preferred because small cell lung cancer is aggressive and has often spread to distant parts of the body by the time of diagnosis. Chemotherapy can prolong survival in people who have extensive-stage disease. Without treatment, the median survival is only 6 to 12 weeks.

In non–small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy also prolongs survival and treats symptoms. In people with non–small cell lung cancer that has spread to other parts of the body, the median survival increases to 9 months with treatment. Targeted therapies may also improve cancer patient survival.

Other Treatments: Other treatments are often needed for people who have lung cancer. Because many people who have lung cancer have a substantial decrease in lung function whether or not they undergo treatment, oxygen therapy (see Rehabilitation for Lung and Airway Disorders: Oxygen Therapy) and bronchodilators (drugs that widen the airways) may aid breathing. Many people with advanced lung cancer develop such extreme pain and difficulty in breathing that they require large doses of opioids in the weeks or months before their death. Fortunately, opioids can substantially relieve pain if adequate doses are used.

DIAGNOSIS

Doctors explore the possibility of lung cancer when a person, especially a smoker, has a persistent or worsening cough or other lung symptoms (such as shortness of breath or coughed-up sputum tinged with blood). Usually, the first test is a chest x-ray, which can detect most lung tumors, although it may miss small ones. Sometimes a shadow detected on a chest x-ray done for other reasons (such as before surgery) provides doctors with the first clue, although such a shadow is not proof of cancer.

A computed tomography (CT) scan may be done next. CT scans can show characteristic patterns that help doctors make the diagnosis. They also can show small tumors that are not visible on chest x-rays and reveal whether the lymph nodes inside the chest are enlarged. Newer techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET—see Symptoms and Diagnosis of Lung Disorders: Chest Imaging) and a certain type of CT called helical (spiral) CT, are improving the ability to detect small cancers. Oncologists frequently use PET-CT scanners, which combine the PET and CT technology in one machine, to evaluate patients with suspected cancer. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can also be used if the CT or PET-CT scans do not give doctors sufficient information.

A microscopic examination of lung tissue from the area that may be cancerous is usually needed to confirm the diagnosis. In rare cases, a sample of coughed-up sputum can provide enough material for an examination (called sputum cytology). Almost always, doctors need to obtain a sample of tissue directly from the tumor. One common way to obtain the tissue sample is with bronchoscopy. The person's airway is directly observed and samples of the tumor can be obtained (see Symptoms and Diagnosis of Lung Disorders: Bronchoscopy). If the cancer is too far away from the major airways to be reached with a bronchoscope, doctors can usually obtain a specimen by inserting a needle through the skin while using CT for guidance. This procedure is called a needle biopsy (see Symptoms and Diagnosis of Lung Disorders: Needle Biopsy of the Pleura or Lung). Sometimes, a specimen can only be obtained by a surgical procedure called a thoracotomy (see Symptoms and Diagnosis of Lung Disorders: Thoracotomy). Doctors may also perform a mediastinoscopy, in which they take and examine samples of enlarged lymph nodes (a biopsy) from the center of the chest to determine if inflammation or cancer is responsible for the enlargement.

Once cancer has been identified under the microscope, doctors usually do tests to determine whether it has spread. A PET-CT scan and head imaging (brain CT or MRI) may be done to determine if lung cancer has spread, especially to the liver, adrenal glands, or brain. If a PET-CT is not available, CT scans of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis and a bone scan are done. A bone scan may show that cancer has spread to the bones. Because small cell lung cancer can spread to the bone marrow, doctors sometimes also do a bone marrow biopsy.

Cancers are categorized on how large the tumor is, whether it has spread to nearby lymph nodes, and whether it has spread to distant organs. The different categories are used to determine the stage of the cancer (see Symptoms and Diagnosis of Cancer: Diagnostic Tests and Staging). The stage of a cancer suggests the most appropriate treatment and enables doctors to estimate the person's prognosis.

Screening: Clinical trials are underway to determine the value of screening tests to detect lung cancer in people who do not have any symptoms. These trials use chest x-rays, CT scans, sputum examinations, or all these methods to try to detect cancer when it is at an early stage. However, screening so far has not been shown to improve lung cancer detection, and therefore screening is not recommended for people who have no risk factors and no symptoms. Tests can be expensive and cause people undue worry if they produce false-positive results that incorrectly imply that a cancer is present. The opposite is also true. A screening test can give a negative result when a cancer really does exist. For these reasons, it is important for doctors to try to accurately determine a person's risk for a particular cancer before screening tests are done (see Symptoms and Diagnosis of Cancer: Screening).

LUNG CANCER SYMPTOMS

The symptoms of lung cancer depend on its type, its location, and the way it spreads. One of the more common symptoms is a persistent cough or, in people who have a chronic cough, a change in the character of the cough. Some people cough up blood or sputum streaked with blood (hemoptysis—see Symptoms and Diagnosis of Lung Disorders: Hemoptysis). Rarely, lung cancer grows into an underlying blood vessel and causes severe bleeding. Additional nonspecific symptoms of lung cancer include loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue, chest pain, and weakness.

Complications: Lung cancer may cause wheezing by narrowing the airway. Blockage of an airway by a tumor may lead to the collapse of the part of the lung that the airway supplies, a condition called atelectasis (see Atelectasis). Other consequences of a blocked airway are shortness of breath and pneumonia, which may result in coughing, fever, and chest pain. If the tumor grows into the chest wall, it may produce persistent, unrelenting chest pain. Fluid containing cancerous cells can accumulate in the space between the lung and the chest wall (pleural effusions—see Pleural Disorders: Pleural Effusion). Large amounts of fluid can lead to shortness of breath. If the cancer spreads throughout the lungs, the levels of oxygen in the blood drop and become low, causing shortness of breath and eventually enlargement of the right side of the heart and possible heart failure (cor pulmonale—see Pulmonary Hypertension:Pulmonary Hypertension).

Lung cancer may grow into certain nerves in the neck, causing a droopy eyelid, small pupil, sunken eye, and reduced perspiration on one side of the face—together these symptoms are called Horner's syndrome (see Autonomic Nervous System Disorders: Horner's Syndrome). Cancers at the top of the lung may grow into the nerves that supply the arm, making the arm painful, numb, and weak. Tumors in this location are often called Pancoas't tumors. When the tumor grows into nerves in the center of the chest, the nerve to the voice box may become damaged, making the voice hoarse.

Lung cancer may grow into or near the esophagus, leading to difficulty swallowing or pain with swallowing.

Lung cancer may grow into the heart or in the midchest (mediastinal) region, causing abnormal heart rhythms, blockage of blood flow through the heart, or fluid in the sac surrounding the heart (pericardial sac).

The cancer may grow into or compress one of the large veins in the chest (the superior vena cava); this condition is called superior vena cava syndrome. Obstruction of the superior vena cava causes blood to back up in other veins of the upper body. The veins in the chest wall enlarge. The face, neck, and upper chest wall—including the breasts—can swell, causing pain. The condition can also produce shortness of breath, headache, distorted vision, dizziness, and drowsiness. These symptoms usually worsen when the person bends forward or lies down.

Lung cancer may also spread through the bloodstream to other parts of the body, most commonly the liver, brain, adrenal glands, spinal cord, or bones. The spread of lung cancer may occur early in the course of disease, especially with small cell lung cancer. Symptoms—such as headache, confusion, seizures, and bone pain—may develop before any lung problems become evident, making an early diagnosis more complicated.

Paraneoplastic syndromes (see What Are Paraneoplastic Syndromes?) consist of effects that are caused by cancer but occur far from the cancer itself, such as in nerves and muscles. These syndromes are not related to the size or location of the lung cancer and do not necessarily indicate that the cancer has spread outside the chest. These syndromes are caused by substances secreted by the cancer (such as hormones, cytokines, and various other proteins).

LUNG CANCER SYMPTOMS

LUNGS CANCER TREATMENT

Cigarette smoking is the most common cause of lung cancer.
One common presenting symptom is a persistent cough.
Chest x-rays can detect most lung cancers, but other additional imaging tests and biopsies are needed.
Surgery, chemotherapy, targeted agents, and radiation therapy may all be used to treat lung cancer.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women. It occurs most commonly between the ages of 45 and 70, and has become more prevalent in women in the last few decades because more women are smoking cigarettes.

Cancer that originates from lung cells is called a primary lung cancer. Primary lung cancer can start in the airways that branch off the trachea to supply the lungs (the bronchi) or in the small air sacs of the lung (the alveoli). Cancer may also spread (metastasize) to the lung from other parts of the body (most commonly from the breasts, colon, prostate, kidneys, thyroid gland, stomach, cervix, rectum, testes, bone, or skin).

There are two main categories of lung cancer.

Non–small cell lung carcinoma: About 85 to 87% of lung cancers are in this category. This cancer grows more slowly than small cell lung carcinoma. Nevertheless, by the time about 40% of people are diagnosed, the cancer has spread to other parts of the body outside of the chest. The most common types of non–small cell lung carcinoma are squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma.
Small cell lung carcinoma: Also called oat cell carcinoma, this cancer accounts for about 13 to 15% of all lung cancers. It is very aggressive and spreads quickly. By the time that most people are diagnosed, the cancer has metastasized to other parts of the body.

Causes

Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of cancer, accounting for about 85% of all lung cancer cases. About 10% of all smokers (former or current) eventually develop lung cancer, and both the number of cigarettes smoked and number of years of smoking seem to correlate with the increased risk. In people who quit smoking, the risk of developing lung cancer decreases, but former smokers will still always have a higher risk of developing lung cancer than people who never smoked.

About 15% of people who develop lung cancer have never smoked. In these people, the reason why they develop lung cancer is unknown. Recent studies have found that some people with lung cancer who have never smoked have genetic mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene. Although an environmental association has not clearly been established, it is believed that exposure to radon gas in the home may be a risk factor. Other possible risk factors include exposure to secondhand smoke and exposure to carcinogens such as asbestos, radiation, arsenic, chromates, nickel, chloromethyl ethers, mustard gas, or coke-oven emissions, encountered or breathed in at work. It is believed that the risk of contracting lung cancer is greater in people who are exposed to these substances and who also smoke cigarettes. Air pollution and cigar smoke also contain carcinogens, and exposure to these substances is associated with an increased risk of cancer. In rare incidences, lung cancers, especially adenocarcinoma and bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma (a type of adenocarcinoma), develop in people whose lungs have been scarred by other lung disorders, such as tuberculosis.

EYE SPECIALIST

We have one very simple goal: to provide quality, comprehensive, and personal eye care. We believe that quality eye care begins with doctors who care about you, not just for you.

At Eye Specialists, we offer state-of-the-art LASIK technology. For added patient comfort and convenience, we have our own in-house surgical center which houses our own VISX Star S4 excimer laser.

From routine eye exams for glasses or contact lenses to the latest technology in cataract or LASIK surgery, Eye Specialists provides the essentials for all your eye care and eye wear needs.

LASER EYE SURGERY (DIODE)

Laser eye surgery is a safe and effective method of correcting visual problems, often removing the constant need for glasses. Our guide to laser eye surgery aims to cover all your questions, from what the procedure for laser eye surgery involves, the risks, the benefis and the different types of laser eye surgery. If you

There are 2 main methods of laser eye surgery used today:

1. LASIK Laser Eye Surgery
2. PRK Laser Eye Surgery

The major difference between the two surgeries is the way that the stroma, the middle layer of the cornea, is exposed before it is vaporized with the laser. In PRK, the top layer of the cornea, called the epithelium, is scraped away to expose the stromal layer underneath. In LASIK, a flap is cut in the stromal layer and the flap is folded back.

This guide provides an overview of laser eye surgery, including possible complications of treatment
Also called: Keratectomy, LASIK, LTK, PRK
For many people, laser eye surgery can correct their vision so they no longer need glasses or contact lenses. Laser eye surgery reshapes the cornea, the clear front part of the eye. This changes its focusing power.

There are different types of laser eye surgery. LASIK - laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis – is one of the most common. Many patients who have LASIK end up with 20/20 vision. But, like all medical procedures, it has both risks and benefits. Only your eye doctor can tell if you are a good candidate for laser eye surgery

HIGHPOWER LASER

Sacher Lasertechnik offers state of the art tunable diode laser systems for industry and science. The combination of high power and performance really makes a difference. They are designed for spectroscopy laboratories as well as for industrial applications. Automated wavelength scans as well as all laser functions are accessable via GPIB, USB, RS232.

External Cavity Tapered Diode Laser in Littrow Configuration, up to 1000mW
Littrow Tiger Series: The TEC 300 External Cavity Tapered Diode Laser in Littrow configuration is designed for high output power up to 1000mW, narrow linewidth in the order of 1MHz and a moderate mode-hop free tuning range of up to 15GHz. Available wavelength are 765nm .. 1080nm.

External Cavity Tapered Diode Laser in Littman/Metcalf Configuration, up to 1000mW
Littman Tiger Series: The TEC 320 External Cavity Tapered Diode Laser in Littman/Metcalf configuration is designed for high output power up to 1000mW, narrow linewidth in the order of 500kHz and a moderate mode-hop free tuning range of up to 15GHz. Available wavelength are 765nm .. 1080nm.

External Cavity Broad Area Diode Laser System in Littrow Configuration, up to 1500mW
Cougar Series: The TEC 200 External Cavity Broad Area Diode Laser in Littrow configuration is designed for high output power up to 1500mW. Main application is optical pumping of gases and Raman spectroscopy. The linewidth is moderate in the order of 10GHz. Available wavelength are 630nm .. 1080nm.

Application Notes
Sacher Lasertechnik offers a large collection of application notes on external cavity diode lasers as Absorption Spectroscopy, Raman Spectroscopy, Metrology and Fluorescence Spectroscopy.

Technical Notes
Sacher Lasertechnik offers a large collection of technical notes which are downloadable as PDF Files.

Publications
Sacher Lasertechnik offers a large collection of Sacher publications or publications where Sacher equipment has been used. All documents are downloadable as PDF Files.

LASER DIODE CEO AND OTHERS

These Laser Diode Arrays are offered on a variety of heat sink package types that are conductively cooled. The arrays should be mounted to a heat sink with a recommended base plate temperature of 25° C. In addition to the types of packages listed here, CEO can customzie a package to meet your specific needs Fiber coupled arrays feature high brightness fiber coupling, small footprint and very high power in passively cooled packages. They deliver 6W to 120W of laser power through 0.22 NA multimode optical fibers with 100µm to 1000 µm core. Silver Bullet diode laser submodules (ASMs) are offered with optional soldering kits. CEO® can also attach Silver Bullets to customer-supplied heat exchanger to make completely packaged laser diode arrays. Extreme care should be taken when handling these components. We recommend that they be only used by customers who are experienced in the handling and packaging of laser diode bars. A laser diode is a laser where the active medium is a semiconductor similar to that found in a light-emitting diode. The most common and practical type of laser diode is formed from a p-n junction and powered by injected electric current. These devices are sometimes referred to as injection laser diodes to distinguish them from (optically) pumped laser diodes, which are more easily produced in the laboratory.

RUBY LASER

The first laser (which is the abbreviation of the words Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) was created in 1961 by Theodore Maiman (b.1927) at the Hughes Research Laboratories. He used a rod of synthetic ruby as the lasing medium. The crystalline structure of ruby is similar to the one of corundum, i.e. a crystal of aluminum oxide (Al2O3), in which the small part of atoms of aluminum (about 0,05 %) is replaced with ions Cr +++. Ruby rod is illuminated by intense impulse of light, which is generated by helical xenon discharge lamp as shown in animation. The ends of ruby rod are highly polished and silvered to serve as laser mirrors. The impulse of light creates the inverse population of electrons in ruby rod and due to the presence of mirrors the laser generation is excited. The duration of the laser impulse is a little bit shorter than the pump impulse of the flash lamp.
A short while after the initial announcement of the first successful optical laser, other labs around the world jumped on the bandwagon trying out many different substrates and ions such as rare earths like Nd, Pr, Tm, Ho, Er, Yb, Gd even Uranium was successfully lased ! Many different substrates were tried such as Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (YAG), glass (which was easier to manufacture), CaF2. As manufacturing techniques improved these lasers rapidly made the transition from the lab bench to commercial applications.

HAIR TRANSPALATION

Follicular Hair Transplantation

Follicular hair transplantation is a surgical procedure in which small plugs of hair-bearing skin containing 2 to 3 hair each are taken from the back or sides of the scalp and transferred to the bald area on the head. The area from which the grafts are taken (donor site) is first treated with a local anesthesia followed by removal of the desired number of hair grafts. The area that is to receive the grafts (recipient site) is similarly treated and the donor grafts are carefully placed into the prepared area in a pattern that matches the direction of the original hair. The transplants are spaced in such a way as to allow each to receive an adequate blood supply during the healing process. The procedure lasts for 2 to 3 hours depending upon the condition of the skin and extent of the area involved. One to three months later, the spaces between the new implants are filled in with new grafts. About six weeks after each transplant, the hair falls out. Approximately three months later, new hair appears and grows at a rate of one quarter to one-half inch a month.

What types of baldness can be helped by this procedure?

There are many causes for hair loss in men and women including high fever as a result of severe infection, thyroid disease, inadequate protein in the diet, certain medications, cancer treatments, childbirth, birth control pills and others. Many of these conditions are reversible and do not require hair transplantation. The most common type of baldness that is successfully treated with hair transplantation is male pattern baldness. This condition, inherited from either side of the family, starts when a person is in his or her teens, twenties or thirties. While women with this inherited tendency do not become bald, they can develop considerable thinning of the hair. Other types of baldness that respond to this procedure are those which have resulted from accidents, operations and inflammatory or infectious diseases of the scalp. Following the initial treatments, many patients who want to achieve greater density or refinement of the hairline will return for additional transplants.

COSMETIC LASER SURGERY

Vitiligo (vit-ill-EYE-go) is a pigmentation disorder in which melanocytes (the cells that make pigment) in the skin, the mucous membranes (tissues that line the inside of the mouth and nose and genital and rectal areas), and the retina (inner layer of the eyeball) are destroyed. As a result, white patches of skin appear on different parts of the body. The hair that grows in areas affected by vitiligo usually turns white.

The cause of vitiligo is not known, but doctors and researchers have several different theories. One theory is that people develop antibodies that destroy the melanocytes in their own bodies. Another theory is that melanocytes destroy themselves. Finally, some people have reported that a single event such as sunburn or emotional distress triggered vitiligo; however, these events have not been scientifically proven to cause vitiligo.

Who Is Affected by Vitiligo?

About 1 to 2 percent of the world's population, or 40 to 50 million people, have vitiligo. In the United States, 2 to 5 million people have the disorder. Ninety-five percent of people who have vitiligo develop it before their 40th birthday. The disorder affects all races and both sexes equally.

THE MYSTERIES OF LASER

For Librarians
Because librarians want their users to access the best possible content as a result of their research, they invest in quality databases such as those offered on EBSCOhost®. Difficulty arises when researchers search the open Web where distinguishing between quality content and less credible content can be a challenge. EBSCOhost Connection is designed to bridge the gap between commercial search engines (e.g. Google, Yahoo, MSN, etc) and the valuable content of EBSCOhost. It is intended to promote the EBSCOhost content purchased by public libraries, schools, universities and other EBSCO customers by infusing brief citation-only records from EBSCOhost databases within commercial search engine result lists. Users would then click on the EBSCOhost record and be appropriately directed to the database pages within their library's EBSCOhost profile. Users will also realize through an on-screen brand, that the content is brought to them courtesy of their library (including the appropriate library's name).

The basic objective of EBSCOhost Connection is to help researchers find more quality results if they are searching the Web by directing them into EBSCOhost. This optional service is free to all EBSCOhost database customers, and activated only at the discretion of the library.

MASER

In 1954, Charles Townes and Arthur Schawlow invented the maser (microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation), using ammonia gas and microwave radiation - the maser was invented before the (optical) laser. The technology is very close but does not use a visible light. On March 24, 1959, Charles Townes and Arthur Schawlow were granted a patent for the maser. Patent Number(s) 2,879,439; 2,929,922Theory of the Laser:
In 1958, Charles Townes and Arthur Schawlow theorized (but did not build) about a visible laser, an invention that would use infrared and/or visible spectrum light.
Charles Townes - Biography:
Charles Townes was born in Greenville, South Carolina on July 28 1915. During World War II, Townes was employed at Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc., where he worked on radar bombing systems. Beginning in 1948, he began work on the maser at Columbia University. Charles Townes was the director of research at the Institute for Defense Analysis in Washington, D.C. from 1959 to 1961. After that, he became the professor of physics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1964, Townes was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for his research in quantum electronics.
Arthur Schawlow was born in Mount Vernon, New York, on May 5 1921. In 1941, he received a bachelor's degree in physics and mathematics from the University of Toronto. He later his master's degree and Ph.D. in physics from the same university. Arthur Schawlow met Charles Townes at Columbia University, where he was doing research. In 1981, Schawlow was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for his research in laser spectroscopy

LPKF LASER PLASTIC WELDING

The Process:
Transmission laser welding creates a perfect and reliable connection. In this process, two plastic parts are joined, each possessing different absorptive characteristics. The laser penetrates the top layer, which is transparent to that wavelength, but is absorbed by the bottom layer. The surface of the bottom layer melts, which in turn melts the adjoining surfaces of the top layer and both surfaces bind to each other

Clean and safe joining of components
Welding plastics via laser is especially suited for delicate components, because there is no mechanical motion and the thermal reaction is minimal. This makes the technique ideal for a wider range of possible applications in such industries as automotive, medical, consumer electronics, and theThe LQ-Power is the latest evolution of laser plastic welding, available now as a turnkey solution. LPKF’s fundamental understanding of the process and years of experience in mechanical and automation engineering stand behind this high quality laser plastic welding system. The system meets even the most rigorous industrial demand and quality requirements.

The LQ-Power handles work pieces as large as 6.3” x 6.3” x 3.9” (160 x 160 x 100mm). Although the factory configuration is ideal for manual feeding from a standing or sitting position, the dual stations assure short process times. The system an also be configured at the factory for automated feeding for pick & place systems.

•Full size PCB format Table size 25” x 22” (640 x 560 mm)
•Standardized feed adapters reduce typical changeover time to less than ten minutes
•Unit can be loaded and unloaded during a welding cycle – reducing cycle time
food industry.

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